Cultural Heritage Discussion People of Chinese Heritage. People of Guatemalan Heritage. review the attached PowerPoint presentation. Read content chapter

Cultural Heritage Discussion People of Chinese Heritage.

People of Guatemalan Heritage.

review the attached PowerPoint presentation. Read content chapter 10 and 31 of the class textbook. Read content chapter 31 in Davis Davis Plus Online Website. Once done, please present an essay discussing the health care beliefs of both heritages and if there is any similarity in both heritages health care. Please mention how the health care beliefs affect the delivery of evidence-based health care.

The essay must be presented in an APA format, word document, Arial 12 font. The assignment must include at least 2 evidence-based references (excluding the class textbook). Reference should not be older than five years.

A minimum of 700 words (excluding the first and references page) is required. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese American Culture
Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Overview/Heritage
▪ China’s population of over 1.3 billion people is
dispersed over 3.7 million square miles, with
cultural values differing according to
geographic location as well as other variant
cultural characteristics.
▪ Chinese in the United States exceed 1.6
million people with the largest communities
in California, New York, Hawaii, and Texas.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Overview/Heritage
▪ A university education is highly valued;
however, few have the opportunity to achieve
this life goal because of limited enrollment
opportunities.
▪ Often, young adults come to Western countries
to attend universities seeking more advanced
prestigious educations.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Overview/Heritage
▪ Many newer immigrants are professionals from
Hong Kong.
▪ Chinese Confucian ideals emphasize the
importance family and neighbors and reinforce
the idea that all relationships embody power and
rule.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Overview/Heritage
▪ Other important values are filial piety, industry,
patriotism, deference to those in hierarchal
positions, tolerance of others, loyalty to
superiors, respect for rites and social rituals,
knowledge, benevolent authority, thrift, patience,
courtesy, and respect for tradition.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Communication
▪ The official language of China is Mandarin (pu
tong hua), spoken by about 70% of the
population, but other major, distinct dialects
such as Cantonese, Fujianese, Shanghainese,
Toishanese, and Hunanese exist.
▪ The dialects are so different that often two
groups cannot understand one another
verbally.
▪ The written language is the same.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Communication
▪ Most Chinese people speak in a moderate to
low voice tone and consider Americans to be
loud.
▪ When asked whether they understand what
was just said, the Chinese invariably answer
in the affirmative to avoid loss of face.
▪ The Chinese share information freely once a
trusting relationship has developed.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Communication
▪ Most Chinese maintain a formal distance with
each other as a form of respect.
▪ Many are uncomfortable with face-to-face
communications, especially when there is
direct eye contact.
▪ Titles are important to Chinese people.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Communication
▪ The family name is stated first and then the
given name.
▪ Calling an individual by any name except
his/her family name is impolite. If a person’s
family name is Li and the given name is
Ruiming, then the proper form of address is Li
Ruiming.
▪ Traditional women do not use their husband’s
name after they get married.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Communication
▪ Many Chinese take an English name as an
additional given name because Chinese names are
often difficult for Westerners to pronounce.
▪ Some give permission to use only the English name.
▪ Some switch the order of their names to be the
same as those of Westerners with the family name
last.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Family Roles and
Organization
▪ Traditionally the Chinese family was organized
around the male lines.
▪ Most believe that the family is most important
and, thus, each family member assumes
changes in roles to achieve this harmony.
▪ Children are highly valued because of the
Chinese government’s past mandate that each
married couple may only have one child.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Family Roles and Organization
▪ Independence is not fostered. The entire family
makes decisions for the child even into young
adulthood.
▪ Children born in Western countries tend to
adopt the Western culture easily.
▪ Adolescents maintain their respect for elders
even when they disagree with them.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Family Roles and
Organization
▪ Children feel pressure to succeed to help
improve the future of the family; thus, most
children and adolescents value studying over
playing and peer relationships.
▪ Children are taught to curb their expression of
feelings because individuals who do not stand
out are successful.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Family Roles and Organization
▪ Chinese children in the USA are becoming more
outspoken as they read more and watch
television and movies from the Western world.
▪ The perception of family is developed through
the concept of relationships. Each person is
identified in relation to others in the family.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Family Roles and
Organization
▪ The individual is not lost, just defined differently
from individuals in Western cultures.
▪ Extended families are important.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Family Roles and
Organization
▪ Children may live with their grandparents or
aunts and uncles so individual family members
can obtain a better education or reduce
financial burdens.
▪ Teenage pregnancy is not common, but it is
increasing among Chinese in America.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Family Roles and Organization
▪ Older people are venerated and viewed as very
wise.
▪ Children are expected to care for their parents
when self-care becomes a concern; in China,
law mandates this.
▪ The Chinese word for privacy has a negative
connotation and means something
underhanded, secret, and furtive.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Family Roles and Organization
▪ The one subject that is taboo is sex and anything
related to sex.
▪ Same-sex relationships are not condoned.
▪ In many provinces, they are illegal and punishable
by death.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Workforce Issues
▪ True equality does not exist in the Chinese mind;
if more than one person is in power, then
consensus is important.
▪ If the person in power is not present at decisionmaking meetings, barriers are raised, and any
decisions made are negated unless the person in
power agrees.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Workforce Issues
▪ Chinese adapt to the culture in the workplace
quickly.
▪ They frequently call on other Chinese people to
teach them and to discuss how to fit into the
new culture more quickly.
▪ Autonomy is limited and is based on functioning
for the good of the group.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Workforce Issues
▪ When a situation arises that requires
independent decision making, many times the
Chinese know what should be done but do not
take action until the leader or superior gives
permission.
▪ Language may be a barrier for some Chinese.
▪ The Chinese language does not have verbs that
denote tense, as in Western languages.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Biocultural Ecology
▪ Skin color among Chinese is varied. Many have
skin color with pink undertones; some have a
yellow tone, and others are very dark.
▪ Hair is generally black and straight, but some
have naturally curly hair. Most men do not have
much facial or chest hair.
▪ Mongolian spots—dark bluish spots over the
lower back and buttocks—are present in about
80 percent of infants.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Biocultural Ecology
▪ Bilirubin levels are usually higher in Chinese
newborns with the highest levels occurring on
the fifth or sixth day after birth.
▪ The Rh-negative blood group is rare.
▪ Chinese people generally have an increased
sensitivity to the effects of alcohol
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Biocultural Ecology
▪ Poor metabolism of mephenytoin occurs in 15
to 20 percent of Chinese.
▪ Sensitivity to beta blockers, such as
propranolol, is evidenced by a decrease in
overall blood levels accompanied by a more
profound response.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Biocultural Ecology
▪ Atropine sensitivity is evidenced by an increased
heart rate. Increased responses to
antidepressants and neuroleptics occur at lower
doses.
▪ Analgesics have been found to cause increased
gastrointestinal side effects, despite a decreased
sensitivity to them.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Biocultural Ecology
▪ Common health problems include lactose
intolerance Thalassemia, hepatitis b,
tuberculosis, liver cancer and pancreatic
cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese High-Risk Health Behaviors
▪ Smoking is a high-risk behavior for many
Chinese men and teenagers.
▪ Most women do not smoke.
▪ The numbers for Chinese women who smoke
are increasing, especially after immigration to
the United States.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Nutrition
▪ Food habits are important, and food is offered to
guests at any time of the day or night.
▪ Foods served at meals have a specific order with
focus on a balance for a healthy body.
▪ The typical diet is difficult to describe because
each region in China has its own traditional diet.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Nutrition
▪ Traditional Chinese medicine frequently uses food
and food derivatives to prevent and cure diseases
and illnesses and to increase strength in weak and
older people.
▪ Peanuts and soybeans are popular.
▪ Common grains include wheat, sorghum, and
maize (a type of corn.) Rice is usually steamed but
can be fried with eggs, vegetables, and meats.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Nutrition
▪ Fruits and vegetables may be peeled and
eaten raw.
▪ Vegetables are lightly stir-fried in oil with salt
and spice.
▪ Salt, oil, and oil products are important parts of
the Chinese diet.
▪ Foreign-born and older people may not like ice
in their drinks.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Nutrition
▪ Foods that are considered yin and yang
prevent sudden imbalances.
▪ A balanced diet is considered essential
for physical and emotional harmony.
▪ Chopsticks should never be stuck in the
food upright because that is considered
bad luck.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Pregnancy and Childbearing
Practices
▪ Pregnancy is seen as women’s business,
although men are beginning to demonstrate an
active interest in pregnancy and the welfare of
the mother and baby.
▪ Women are very modest and may insist on a
female midwife or obstetrician.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Pregnancy and Childbearing
Practices
▪ Pregnant women usually increase meat in their
diets because their blood needs to be stronger
for the fetus.
▪ Pregnant women may avoid shellfish during the
first trimester because it causes allergies.
▪ Some may be unwilling to take iron: they believe
that it makes the delivery more difficult.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Pregnancy and Childbearing
Practices
▪ Traditional postpartum care includes 1 month of
recovery, with the mother eating foods that
decrease the yin (cold) energy.
▪ Many mothers do not expose themselves to the
cold air and do not go outside or bathe for the first
month postpartum because cold air can enter the
body and cause health problems.
▪ Drinking and touching cold water are taboo for
women in the postpartum period.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Pregnancy and Childbearing
Practices
▪ Raw fruits and vegetables are avoided because they are
considered “cold” foods. They must be cooked and be
warm.
▪ Mothers eat five to six meals a day with high-nutritional
ingredients including rice, soups, and seven to eight eggs.
▪ Brown sugar is commonly used because it helps rebuild
blood loss.
▪ Drinking rice wine is encouraged to increase the mother’s
breast-milk production.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Death Rituals
▪ Death is viewed as a part of the natural cycle of
life; some believe that something good happens
to them after they die.
▪ Death and bereavement traditions are centered
on ancestor worship, a form of paying respect.
▪ Many believe that their spirits will never rest
unless living descendants provide care for the
grave and worship the memory of the deceased.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Death Rituals
▪ The dead are honored by placing food, money
for the person’s spirit, or articles made of paper
around the coffin.
▪ The belief that the Chinese greet death with
stoicism and fatalism is a myth.
▪ The number 4 is considered unlucky because it
is pronounced like the Chinese word for death.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Death Rituals
▪ The color white is associated with death and is
also considered bad luck.
▪ Mourners are recognized by black armbands on
their left arm and white strips of cloth tied
around their heads.
▪ The purchase of life insurance may be avoided
because of a fear that it is inviting death.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Spirituality
▪ The main formal religions among Chinese are
Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism, Taoism,
and Islam.
▪ Prayer is generally a source of comfort.
▪ Many use a combination of meditation, exercise,
massage, and prayer.
▪ As immigration increases, many who practice
Christian religions have become more visible.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practices
▪ While many Chinese people have made the
transition to Western medicine, others maintain
their roots in traditional Chinese medicine, and
still others practice both types of medicine.
▪ Younger people usually do not hesitate to seek
healthcare providers when necessary unless they
believe that it does not work for them, then they
use traditional Chinese medicine.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practices
▪ Older people may try traditional Chinese
medicine first and only seek Western medicine
when traditional medicine does not seem to work.
▪ The Chinese tend to describe their pain in terms
of more diverse body symptoms, whereas
Westerners tend to describe pain locally.
▪ The Western description includes words like
“stabbing” and “localized,” whereas the Chinese
describe pain as “dull” and more “diffuse.”
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practices
▪ Chinese cope with pain by applying oils and
massage, using warmth, sleeping on the area of
pain, relaxation, and aspirin.
▪ The balance between yin and yang is used to
explain mental as well as physical health. Because
a stigma is associated with having a family
member who is mentally ill, many families initially
seek the help of a folk healer.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-Care Practices
▪ Many Chinese still view mental and physical
disabilities as a part of life that should be hidden.
▪ Families may be reluctant to allow autopsies
because of their fear of being “cut up.”
▪ Most accept blood transfusions, organ donations,
and organ transplants.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practices
Traditional Chinese medicine includes 5 basic
substances:
▪ qi, energy
▪ xue, blood
▪ jing, essence
▪ shen, spirit
▪ jing ye, body fluids
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practices
▪ Acupuncture and moxibustion are used in many
treatments. Acupuncture is the insertion of
needles into precise points along the channel
system of flow of the qi called the 14 meridians.
▪ The system has over 400 points. Many of the
same points can be used in applying pressure
(acupressure) and massage (acumassage) to
achieve relief from imbalances in the system.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practices
▪ Moxibustion is the application of heat from
different sources to various points.
▪ For example, one source, such as garlic, is
placed on the distal end of the needle after it is
inserted through the skin, and the garlic is set
on fire. Sometimes the substance is burned
directly over the point without a needle
insertion.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practices
▪ Cupping: A heated cup or glass jar is put on the
skin creating a vacuum, which causes the skin
to be drawn into the cup. The heat that is
generated is used to treat joint pain.
▪ Herbal therapy falls into four categories of
energy (cold, hot, warm, and cool), five
categories of taste (sour, bitter, sweet, pungent,
and salty), and a neutral category.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practitioners
▪ Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners are
shown great respect by the Chinese. In many
instances, they are shown equal, if not more,
respect than Western practitioners.
▪ Some distrust Western practitioners because of
the pain and invasiveness of their treatments.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Chinese Health-care Practitioners
▪ Older health-care providers receive more
respect than younger providers, and men
usually receive more respect than women.
▪ Physicians receive the highest respect, followed
closely by nurses with a university education.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Guatemalan Culture
Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage
▪ People of Guatemalan heritage comprise a
growing number of Hispanic/Latino
populations in the United States.
▪ Guatemalans may share a common Spanish
language with other Hispanic ethnic groups.
▪ In Guatemala, 56 percent of the population
lives below the poverty level.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage
▪ Guatemala is inhabited by Mestizo (mixed
A…
Purchase answer to see full
attachment