Health beliefs of Egyptians and Filipino Heritage People of Egyptian Heritage and people of Filipino Heritage. Read chapter 13 and 28 of the class textboo

Health beliefs of Egyptians and Filipino Heritage People of Egyptian Heritage and people of Filipino Heritage.

Read chapter 13 and 28 of the class textbook(Transcultural Health Care. A Culturally Competent Approach (4th ed.)

Purnell, L.D.

Publisher: F.A. Davis Company; 4th edition)

and review the attached PowerPoint presentations. Read chapter 28 in Davis Plus Online Website. Once done, write an essay discussing the health beliefs of both heritages and if there is any similarity in both culture beliefs. Also, discuss how their beliefs influence the delivery of evidence-based healthcare focusing on the nursing care.

Your assignment must have to be in APA format, Arial 12 with a minimum of 700 words, 4 evidence-based references no older than 5 years (excluding the class the class textbook. One of them has to be of the class text book. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Filipino Americans
Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage
▪ Almost 2 million in the United States
▪ Literally all speak English and Tagalog (Pilipino),
and many speak Spanish and another language
▪ Predominantly from Malayan ancestry with
influence and mixtures from other Asian groups,
Spanish, and Arab
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage Continued
▪ Americanization of the Philippines began after
the Spanish–American War
▪ Immigrant Filipinos make up the majority of
Filipinos in the United States
▪ Unrestricted immigration in the early 1900s then
very restricted in 1924 because of the
Exclusionist policies of Immigration Act of 1924
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage Continued
▪ Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
eliminated the quota system for the Philippines
resulting in large numbers of middle class and
professionals coming to the United States
▪ Included relatives of Filipinos living in the United
States
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage Continued
▪ First group were primarily single men who were
brought to the United States to work in Alaskan
canneries, farms in California, and plantations in
Hawaii and endured much discrimination
▪ Most were restricted from owning or leasing land
and could not become US citizens
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage Continued
▪ After WW II, many Filipino Veterans
immigrated and settled on the West Coast
▪ Now more women than men immigrate to the
United States
▪ Well educated immigrants continue to have
difficulty in finding similar work in the United
States unless they are in the healthcare field
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communications
▪ Tagalog is the national language with English the
second official language
▪ Eight other dialects are spoken as well as
Spanish
▪ Taglish is common among immigrants and
American born Filipinos
▪ Highly contextual communication patterns
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communications Continued
▪ Pakikisama—smoother interpersonal
relationships and sacrifice exact meaning
▪ External or outsider communication and internal
or one-of-us communication proceeds on
different levels
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communications Continued
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Interacting level
Participating level
Conforming level
Adjusting level
Understanding and acceptance level
Getting involved level
Being one with level
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communications Continued
▪ An exclusive “we” and an inclusive “we”
▪ Eye contact varies with age, education, and
acculturation
▪ Many ways to say yes, but how do you say no?
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communications Continued
▪ Respect the past, enjoy the present, and hope for
the future
▪ Filipino time for social events, clock time if really
important events, business, and work usually
▪ Many names are Spanish in origin
▪ One of the middle names is the mother’s maiden
name
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
ClickerCheck
Many Filipinos speak Tag-Lish, which is
a. A combination of Tagalog and English.
b. The indigenous language of the Philippines.
c. The official language of the Philippines.
d. A combination of Spanish and English.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Correct Answer
Correct answer: A
Tag-Lish is a combination of Tagalog and English.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles
▪ Matriarchal before Spanish, then Patriarchal, now
more egalitarian in decision making
▪ Gender neutral pronouns causing confusion with
he and she in English
▪ Respect is a dominant family value and older
children may assume the role of parent
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles Continued
▪ Honor and care for parents or brings shame
to the family
▪ Nuclear family is dominant although
polygamous families exist among Moslem
Filipinos
▪ Extended family members are important
▪ Education is paramount for children and
parents sacrifice so at least one child will
become educated and help the others if
necessary
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles Continued
▪ Respect is shown to elders with deferential
behavior
▪ Grandparents become surrogate parents for their
grandchildren in the United States especially
▪ Advance degree brings higher social status
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles Continued
▪ Filipino organizations targeted to gays and
lesbians
▪ Chastity is valued premaritally
▪ Single parenting becoming more common in the
United States
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Biocultural Ecology
▪ Varying skin tones of brown and tan with dark
eyes, flat nose bridges, and mildly flared nostrils
▪ Most are of smaller stature than European
Americans
▪ More difficult to determine age than in European
Americans because of youthful face
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Biocultural Ecology Continued
▪ Endemic conditions in the Philippines include
malaria, tuberculosis, gastrointestinal disorders,
due to parasitosis, cardiovascular related
disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, nutritional
diseases, HTN, and diabetes
▪ Sensitive to the effects of alcohol and require
lower doses of neuroleptics
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition
▪ Fundamental form of socialization
▪ Any occasion is an occasion for food
▪ Wide variety of foods and prepared in a variety of
ways
▪ Outsiders are served western food
▪ Insiders are served Filipino food
▪ To help in the kitchen you are really an insider
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition Continued
▪ Rice may be served at every meal, most
common meats are fish, chicken, and pork
▪ Diet varies among urban and rural areas
▪ Lactose intolerance among adults
▪ Milk in cooked desserts is tolerated well
▪ Salt and vinegar are used frequently
▪ Moderation in food is considered important
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition Continued
▪ Considered polite to leave some food on your
plate
▪ Herbs are grown in many homes to be used for
cooking and for medicinal purposes
▪ Newer immigrants are at risk of nutritional
deficiencies if unfamiliar with American foods
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Childbearing Family
▪ Catholic religion influences birth control practices
—rhythm method only
▪ Abortion is considered a sin, carries a stigma,
and leads to back door abortions
▪ Pregnancy is a time for pampering and attention
from entire family
▪ Mother of pregnant woman has a very special
role
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Childbearing Family Continued
▪ Consult healthcare provider plus a massage
therapist for advice
▪ Reluctant to take any medicine during
pregnancy, even vitamins for fear of harming the
fetus
▪ Satisfy cravings so baby will not be marked with
the craving
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Childbearing Family Continued
▪ Should be protected from a sudden fright for fear
it will harm the fetus
▪ Mother rather than husband may be the coach
during birthing
▪ Traditional may not want to bathe but engage in
sponge bath and aromatic oils
▪ Soup increases lactation
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Death Rituals
▪ Three days to week for wake after death to await
for family to come together—varies in United
States because of work schedules
▪ Plenty of food available and family support
▪ Nine days of novenas in the home or church are
common
▪ Ritualistic mourning wearing black for one year
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Death Rituals Continued
▪ Burial is the most common but cremation is okay
▪ Body or ashes may be returned to the Philippines
▪ Open expression of emotions and may include
fainting
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Spirituality
▪ 80% Christian with 90% of them Roman Catholic
▪ 5% practices Islam
▪ Many returning to Bathala, ancestral religion with
a spiritualist guide who is usually a woman
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Spirituality Continued
▪ Novenas and prayers are commonly said for the
sick person
▪ Good health comes to those who are in good
with God and is the “Will of God”
▪ Many are considered fatalistic, life is up to God,
there is little one can do to change life
circumstances and the forces of nature,
monsoons, tides, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Healthcare Practices
▪ Adhere to Western medicine and traditional
practices simultaneously
▪ Health is the result of balance and moderation
and God’s Will
▪ Adequate sleep, rest, nutrition, and cleanliness
are important for good health
▪ Aromatic baths restore balance
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Healthcare Practices Continued
▪ In the Philippines many medicines can be
purchased over-the-counter
▪ May hoard and share medicine
▪ Many do not seek care until the illness is
advanced
▪ Many distrust the healthcare environment
▪ In the Philippines, one pays for testing before the
testing is done
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Healthcare Practices Continued
▪
▪
▪
▪
Protect oneself from wind and cold
Avoid extremes of hot and cold—balance
Introduce changes gradually
Pain is part of life and may be atonement for
immoral behavior and leads to stoicism
▪ Mental illness carries a stigma, is hereditary and
may affect one’s ability for a spouse
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Healthcare Practices Continued
▪ Mental illness may be severe before help is
sought —take care of family member at home
▪ Somatization of symptoms is common
▪ Important to maintain self-esteem and self-image
for self and family
▪ Able to enter the sick role easily
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
ClickerCheck
Mrs. Lino, age 38 years, has been seeing a
traditional Filipino healer for her pregnancy
complications. A Filipino traditional healer is
a. Galang.
b. Utang na loob.
c. Hilot.
d. Hiya.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Correct Answer
Correct answer: C
A hilot is a traditional Filipino healer.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian American Culture
Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Overview/Heritage
▪ The Egyptian people have a strong sense of identity
with their country and demonstrate pride in coming
from such an old civilization.
▪ The Arab conquest of Egypt around 641 AD spread
the Islamic and Arabic culture among the Egyptians.
▪ This long history and the diversity of populations
have influenced the value systems, beliefs, and
explanatory frameworks Egyptians use in their daily
lives.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Overview/Heritage
▪ More than 1 million people of Egyptian
ancestry live in the United States.
▪ The highest concentrations are in New York,
Los Angeles, Washington, DC; Chicago, and
San Francisco.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ The dominant language of Egyptians is Arabic.
▪ The written Arabic language is the same in all
Arab countries, but spoken Arabic is dialectical
and does not necessarily follow proper Arabic
grammar.
▪ For Egyptians in the United States, English is the
language of communication in business and
contact with American society.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ Respect is expected when speaking with
those who are older or in higher social
positions.
▪ Politeness, adab, is related to what is
appropriate, expected, and socially
sanctioned.
▪ Truth and reality may be sacrificed for what is
appropriate and polite.
▪ Sharing negative news directly or asking for
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ Egyptians tend to be in touch with their inner
feelings and are highly expressive of them.
▪ Egyptians tend to share problems and the
most minute details about their lives with
their trusted circle of insiders.
▪ Because their personal space tends to be
small, Egyptians stand and sit very close to
each other.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ Men, whether strangers or acquaintances, touch
each other.
▪ Similarly, it is acceptable for women to touch each
other.
▪ Women tend to keep male friends as far away as
male strangers.
▪ Traditionally, it is unacceptable for women and men
to touch each other unless they are close family
members.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ Touch between the sexes is accepted in
private and only between husbands and
wives, parents and children, and adult
brothers and sisters.
▪ Devout Muslim men and women do not touch
each other, even a handshake is not practiced.
In these situations, a nod of the head
substitutes for a physical greeting.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ Egyptians speak with their mouth, face, hands, and
their entire bodies communicating the meaning of
their language.
▪ Their facial expressions are mirrors of their internal
processes and reflections of their inner evaluations
of their situations. A wide-eyed gaze to a child
means “stop it now.” A wink to an adult means
“watch what you are saying.”
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ Egyptians think of those who do not maintain
eye contact or who have shifty eye contact as
people who should not be trusted.
▪ Among the more traditional, women and
men who are strangers may avoid eye contact
out of modesty and respect for religious
rules.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ Most older Egyptians cherish the past, whereas most
younger Egyptians live in the present.
▪ Social time takes a high priority, and engagements
are not concluded because of other scheduled
appointments; therefore, guests are expected to
arrive 1 to 2 hours late.
▪ However, they are punctual for business
engagements and meetings.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Communication
▪ Children are given a first name; the father’s first name
is used as the middle name; the last name is the family
name. A person is called formally by the first name,
such as Mr. William.
▪ Respect is demonstrated in the use of titles. Older
people should never be called by their first name
without an adjective or title.
▪ The accepted U.S. custom of addressing clients by their
first name may be insulting to Egyptians.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Family Roles and
Organization
▪ The demands of life on immigrants and nuclear
families promote sharing responsibilities and
decision-making.
▪ To preserve traditional roles that contribute to a
more egalitarian family organization, family roles
change considerably after immigration.
▪ The absence of an extended family results in
greater fluidity in roles and participation in all family
matters.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Family Roles and
Organization
▪ Social status is gained through professional
accomplishments, financial success, and
involvement in Egyptian community affairs.
▪ Children are treasured in the present and viewed
as security for their parents’ future. During their
early years, they are expected to be studious
and goal-oriented, respectful, and loyal to the
family.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Family Roles and
Organization
▪ When children become adults, they are
expected to take care of their elderly parents.
▪ Religious beliefs and teachings forbid
premarital sex and adultery for both Egyptian
Muslims and Christians.
▪ The greatest calamity that may happen in an
Egyptian household is to have a daughter lose
her virginity before marriage.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Family Roles and
Organization
▪ This fear stems from a potential lack of
marriageability of the daughter, loss of face for
the father, and gossip within the community.
▪ Egyptian children are expected to marry
Egyptians. However, because many secondgeneration Egyptian Americans do not reside in
areas with an abundance of Egyptians, crosscultural marriages are becoming more common.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Family Roles and
Organization
▪ As Egyptians grow older, they are treated with
gentleness and are never made to believe that
their usefulness is limited because of retirement.
▪ Their children and extended families are
obligated to care for them.
▪ Women gain status with age and with
childbearing.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Family Roles and
Organization
▪ Many older people have a morbid fear of being
forced to move into a nursing home.
▪ Many consider returning to their home country
to avoid the humiliation of aging in America.
▪ Divorce is not considered a stigma but an
unfortunate situation and one in which the
children pay the greatest price.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Egyptian Family Roles and
Organization
▪ Communal and same-sex families are a concept
that does not exist in Egyptian societies.
▪ Same-sex relationships are rarely disclosed.
▪ To be gay or lesbian is considered immoral and is
not accepted by any Arab or Middle Eastern
religions.
▪ To discover a gay son or lesbian daughter is akin
to a catastrophic event for Egyptian Americans.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
ClickerCheck
An older Egyptian man comes to the Emergency
Department with acute abdominal pain. He is
unable to speak English. …
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