Racial Differences in Mortality Rate attached is the directions if you have any questions please ask | T-Mobile Wi-Fi 12:27 AM 30% X Thought Paper Descipti
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Thought Paper (60%)
At the end of each module a brief writing assignment will be
due. A total of 6 thought papers are assigned throughout the
semester!
What is a Thought Paper?
Thought papers should be 1/2 – 2 double spaced pages. The
thought paper should pick an issue inspired by the readings and
react to it. These should not be summaries. Beyond the assigned
readings, you can also incorporate information from current
events, other research, personal experience, etc. Thought papers
must be brought to class on which we are discussing the topic.
Whatever resources used in the paper must be cited in APA
format (both in-text and in the reference section).
How should I Write My Thought Paper?
1. First pick one of the articles from the module’s readings
2. Use that article and the information from the chapter and
supplementary resources to discuss the overarching
information shared in the module.
a. Remember this is not a summary. If we are talking
about infancy and you decide to discuss how
socioeconomic status impacts child development that
is appropriate – you may use information from the
chapter and the article which supports, your opinions
and ideas about the topic. You may also include other
articles if you agree/disagree with the information
shared. Do not summarize the article and its
information.
3. Make sure that the paper is in APA format!
a. This includes citing scholarly articles in APA format
both in-text and in the reference section.
The Rubric for the Assignment
• Article Selection (10%)
o Did you select one of the articles in the module? If
additional articles were selected are they scholarly in
nature?
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2. Use that article and the information from the chapter and
supplementary resources to discuss the overarching
information shared in the module.
a. Remember this is not a summary. If we are talking
about infancy and you decide to discuss how
socioeconomic status impacts child development that
is appropriate – you may use information from the
chapter and the article which supports, your opinions
and ideas about the topic. You may also include other
articles if you agree/disagree with the information
shared. Do not summarize the article and its
information.
3. Make sure that the paper is in APA format!
a. This includes citing scholarly articles in APA format
both in-text and in the reference section.
The Rubric for the Assignment
• Article Selection (10%)
o Did you select one of the articles in the module? If
additional articles were selected are they scholarly in
nature?
• Content (50%)
o Do you express your thoughts and opinions in the
paper or is it a summary of the chapter and articles
selected?
• Grammar (10%)
o Are there grammatic, syntax errors throughout the
paper?
• APA References (20%)
O Are all resources used cited within the text and in the
reference section in APA format?
• Depth of Thought & Connection of Discussion to
Chapter (10%)
o Is the information from the chapter connected to the
article that you selected and your overarching ideas
and opinions concerning the module?
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Flanders-Stepans (2000).pdf
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Birthing Briefs
Alarming Racial Differences in Maternal Mortality
Compiled by Mary Beth Flanders-Stepans, PhD, RN
MARY BETH F.ANDERS STEPANS is an Assistant Professor
in the School of Nursing at the University of Wyoming in
Laramie, Wyoming
Abstract
In this column, the author reviews statistics that reflect
the disparity of maternal mortality rates among black,
nonwhite, and white women.
Journal of Perinatal Education, 9(2), 50-51; mater-
nal mortality, pregnancy, childbirth education.
In the United States, black women are 2 to 6 times more
likely to die from complications of pregnancy than white
women, depending on where they live (American Medi-
cal Association, 1999). Total maternal mortality rates
ranged from 1.9 deaths per 100,000 in New Hampshire
to 22.8 in the District of Columbia. When data from
1979 to 1992 were analyzed, the overall pregnancy-
related mortality ratio
was 25.1 deaths per 100,000 for
black women, 10.3 for Hispanic women, and 6.0 for
non-Hispanic white women (Hopkins et al., 1999).
These rates have not improved between 1987 and 1996
(American Medical Association, 1999). The leading
causes of maternal death are hemorrhage, pregnancy-
induced hypertension, and embolism (Berg, Atrash, Koo-
nin, & Tucker, 1996). Black and nonwhite women have
almost 3 times the risk of death from hemorrhage than
white women (Chichakli, Atrash, Mackay, Musani, &
”
Berg, 1999).
None of these authors are able to explain the racial
differences in maternal mortality rates. However, “qual-
ity of prenatal delivery and postpartum care, as well as
interaction between health-seeking behaviors and satis-
faction with care may explain part of this difference”
(American Medical Association, 1999, p. 1221). The
Center for Disease Control (1999), though, points to
the fact that 50% of pregnancies are unplanned. These
50
The Journal of Perinatal Education Vol. 9, No. 2, 2000
pregnancies are associated with increased mortality for
the mother and infant. “Lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking,
information can be added to the curriculum to help
women reduce their risk of unintended pregnancy during
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Flanders-Stepans (2000).pdf
Center for Disease Control (1999), though, points to
the fact that 50% of pregnancies are unplanned. These
2 of 2
The Journal of Perinatal Education Vol. 9, No. 2, 2000
information can be added to the curriculum to help
women reduce their risk of unintended pregnancy during
the postpartum period. In addition, childbirth education
efforts must be extended to more women living in pov.
erty. Childbirth educators can play a role in bringing
our nation closer to the 2010 National Health Objectives
to reduce the overall maternal mortality ratio to no more
than 3.3 per 100,000.
that
prenatal care during the fiended pregnancy do not seek
pregnancies are associated with increased mortality for
the mother and infant. “Lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking,
drinking alcohol, unsafe sex practices, and poor nutri-
tion) and inadequate intake of foods containing folic
acid pose serious
mon among women with unintended
acid pose serious health hazards to the mother and fetus
and are more common among women
pregnancies” (Center for Disease Control, 1999, p. 849).
In addition, the CDC estimates that half of the women
t experience an unintended
.
first trimester. To discover inter-
ventions that may diminish maternal mortality, 25 states
have reestablished maternal mortality review committees
to examine factors that may contribute to maternal
deaths (American Medical Society, 1999). To understand
the disparity in maternal mortality rates among black
and white women, much more public health surveillance
and prevention research is needed. In an effort to provide
overlooked information related to minority health issues
and concerns, Kaiser Permanente National Diversity
Council has designed handbooks for providers. More
information about these handbooks can be obtained by
contacting the National Diversity Program at 510-271
6485 or through e-mail at Luzmaria_Kellis@kp.org.
Childbirth educators are in a unique position to in
struct women about the risks of unhealthy lifestyle fac-
tors and delayed prenatal care. Contraception
References
American Medical Association. (1999). State-specific maternal
mortality among black and white women: United States,
1987-1996. The Journal of the American Medical Associa-
tion, 282(13), 1220-1222
Berg, C. J., Atrash, H. K., Koonin, L. M., & Tucker, M.
(1996). Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States,
1987-1990. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 88, 271-277.
Center for Disease Control. (1999). Healthier mothers and ba-
bies: Trends in reducing infant and maternal mortality in the
US. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 47,849.
Chichakli, L. O., Atrash, H. K., Mackay, A. P., Musani, A.
S., & Berg, C. J. (1999). Pregnancy-related mortality in the
United States due to hemorrhage: 1979-1992. Obstetrics
and Gynecology, 94(5), 721-725.
Hopkins, F. W., Mackay, A. P., Koonin, L. M., Berg, D. J.,
Irwin, M., & Atrash, H. K. (1999). Pregnancy-related mor-
tality in Hispanic women in the United States. Obstetrics
and Gynecology, 94(5).
Safe Motherhood Initiatives-USA
The following goals* represent SMI-USA’s vision for achieving social and policy changes that will ensure safe mother-
hood for all women in the United States:
• Women and men are equal partners in all aspects of society.
Every girl and boy arrives at maturity with full physical, emotional, and spiritual health.
• Women and men assume responsibility for making motherhood safe and for parenting.
• Women trust their bodies and view birth as a normal, positive, growth-producing experience for the family.
• Women are educated and empowered to make informed decisions for choices during childbirth, including choice
of birth attendant and site of birth.
• Motherhood takes place within a physical environment and social system that promotes well-being for all women.
• Women receive appropriate care based on need, and there is no discrimination based on ability to pay, place of
residence, culture, religion, or ethnic background.
• The use of technology, drugs, and interventions in childbearing is based on research and fully informed consent
and is individualized to the health needs of each woman.
• Safe motherhood in the United States is a woman-centered effort within the community that requires the support
and efforts of many people and in which midwifery care is an integral component.
• The United States will use its intellectual and material resources fairly and have the political will to ensure that
safe motherhood becomes a reality for all women.
* Source: Lowe, N. K. (1998). Safe motherhood USA. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 27(5), 491.
The Journal of Perinatal Education Vol. 9, No. 2, 2000
51
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