Stress is present in our daily lives, it is described as a negative emotional experience followed by expected biochemical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral changes. Some stressor examples are money, the economy, work, family, health problems, and family responsibilities. Every person has a different tolerance and reaction for each, what might provoke stress for some, might not do much to others. The consequences of a person’s appraisal process is labeled as appraisal of stressors stress and there are multiple methods for such. First is the primary appraisal which is the process of understanding what is happening and what it will mean, sometimes what we perceive as the end of the world might give a new incentive on a new project which can lead to a more favorable outcome. Another method is the second appraisal which assess the capability of one’s self to meet the demands needed, if the person feels like they are not enough, a challenge feeling will appear which would push the person to work harder for the wanted results.

Balancing out work with family roles is one of the most challenging phases that a person goes through as an adult. Spending most of part of your day dealing with stressors at work to then come back to your home responsibilities can make it hard for you to juggling one from the other. Managing multiple roles makes it even more difficult when both roles are heavy. Having many responsibilities at once can also influence one’s health like high levels of cortisol, higher cardiovascular reactivity, more home strain, and increased conflict with children specially for men. Combining parenthood and employment can also benefit well being, be protective for mental health and social roles.

• Explain why adherence to diabetic treatment programs is so difficult for most people to achieve.

Many diabetics do not adhere to treatment programs as they do not get any severe symptoms until years later. This causes people to not fear diabetes which deters to follow a regimen. There are diabetics that do not monitor glucose levels and rely based on how they feel which is not always reliable. Many regimens require the obvious such as diet and exercise which is not always a possibility for many and/or taking proper medication. For those who do not have insurance, they can just afford vials of insulin.

•  Maria often complains of negative emotions, stress, and emotional pressures at work. Her colleague, Tandra, says that constant stress can trigger acute coronary events and advises her to meet a doctor. Support Tandra’s statements by citing the research on emotion and CHD.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is known as the leading cause of death in the United States. Although diet can have a role in the cause of it, so can your emotions. Having high stress levels and suffering from depression can in fact lead to CHD.  Research has shown that high levels of stres, trauma and acute stress can often lead to a heart attack. With depression, there are studies linked to the heart becoming inflamed which causes plaque to build up on the artery walls.

reply

Display rules for different types of emotions were discussed within this chapter. It is also notable that display rules are different among various cultures. Compare and contrast display rules for ONE emotion when compared to American culture. You can use your individual culture or a culture that interests you as a reference for comparison. There is NO need to define display rules in your post, anyone who read for this week will know what a display rule is and it will be redundant to list it here,.

Good posts for this assignment will include:

– A statement regarding which emotion you are describing

– An example of a display rule for the emotion you chose

– Comparing statements regarding the display rule and another culture

– Contrasting statements regarding the display rule and another culture

What’s The Relationship between Problem-Solving-Oriented and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques for Emotion Regulation and Levels of Psychological Discomfort?

 

Student’s Name or Student’s Names

Department Affiliation, University Affiliation

Course Number: Course Name

Instructor’s Name

Assignment Due Date

 

 

 

 

 

 

What’s The Relationship between Problem-Solving-Oriented and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques for Emotion Regulation and Levels of Psychological Discomfort?

Emotions are considered, together with thinking as well as conduct, among the interconnected components that comprise a person’s emotional existence in cognitive therapy. Utilizing dialectical behavioral strategies enables one could become conscious of false or unfavorable thoughts, allowing one to see difficult circumstances clearer and effectively as well as react towards them more skillfully. According to the notion of cognitive behavior methods, our ideas, sentiments, physical sensations, and action are all intertwined, as well as what we thought while doing impacts how we perceive. Additionally, it frequently emphasizes behavior modification to enhance emotions as well as performance. Furthermore, cognitive psychology aids in the management of some depressive symptoms, better learning, and self-understanding, including behavior modification.

Hypothesis

Ideally, The fundamental version of both the cognitive perspective hypothesizes that different feelings or experiences have an impact on one’s behavior and emotions. asserts believes people’s views of occurrences have an impact on one’s sentiments as well as conduct. In other terms, instead of the circumstances themselves, whether individuals perceive is controlled according to how others understand them. For instance, it is thought that depressed patients impact communication in an unduly derogatory way. The conceptualization of cognition is essential for the cognitive approach. Three distinct cognitive levels include; Fundamental convictions that are typically established at a young age and viewed as absolutes and are impacted by early experiences. Dysfunctional premises are ‘guidelines for living’ that individuals accumulate that seem to be inflexible and constrained. These might be unreasonable and therefore unfit. One can, for instance, adhere to the maximum, it’s preferable to not attempt than just to risk failure. Additionally, Repetitive negative emotions are uncontrollably triggered by particular circumstances. Melancholy frequently centers on the negative, low self-esteem, as well as meaningless concepts.

Articles abstracts

1. The key principles of cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) explores the links between thoughts, emotions, and behavior. It is a directive, time-limited, structured approach used to treat a variety of mental health disorders. It aims to alleviate distress by helping patients to develop more adaptive cognitions and behaviors. It is the most widely researched and empirically supported psychotherapeutic method. This strong evidence base is reflected in clinical guidelines, which recommend it as a treatment for many common mental health disorders.

2. Age-varying associations between coping and depressive symptoms throughout adolescence and emerging adulthood.

The objective of the current study was to apply the novel technique of time-varying effect modeling to examine age-varying associations between specific coping strategies and depressive symptoms across adolescence and emerging adulthood (ages 14–24). The participants were drawn from a community sample and followed across 4 years of high school and once 5 years post-graduation ( N = 1,251, 53% female, 58% non-Hispanic White). Coping and depressive symptom questionnaires were administered across all data collection time points. Time-varying effect modeling used all available data ( N = 5,651 measurement occasions) and adjusted for gender. Venting emotions and denial were associated with more depressive symptoms at a similar magnitude across adolescence and emerging adulthood. A positive association between problem-solving-oriented strategies (planning, active coping) and depressive symptoms was not observed until age 17.5, after which the magnitude of the association strengthened. More frequent instrumental and emotional support seeking was linked to fewer depressive symptoms between ages 18.8 and 23.6. More frequent use of humor was associated with greater depressive symptoms from ages 14.0 to 14.6, but with fewer depressive symptoms from ages 16.8 to 18.8. The findings illuminate when and  how associations between specific coping strategies and depressive symptoms may emerge and change across developmental ages, generating both theoretical and clinical implications.

3. Longitudinal effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression on the neural correlates of emotion regulation

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for a substantial minority of patients suffering from  major depressive disorder (MDD), but its mechanism of action at the neural level is not known. As core techniques of CBT seek to enhance  emotion regulation, we scanned 31 MDD participants before 14 sessions of CBT using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a task in which participants engaged in a voluntary emotion regulation strategy while recalling negative  autobiographical memories. Eighteen healthy controls were also scanned. Twenty-three MDD participants completed post-treatment fMRI scanning, and 12 healthy volunteers completed repeat scanning without intervention. Better treatment outcome was associated with longitudinal enhancement of the emotion regulation-dependent  BOLD contrast within the subgenual anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal cortex, and  lingual gyrus. Baseline emotion regulation-dependent  BOLD contrast did not predict treatment outcome or differ between MDD and control groups. CBT response may be mediated by enhanced downregulation of neural activity during emotion regulation; brain regions identified overlap with those found using a similar task in a normative sample, and include regions related to self-referential and emotion processing. Future studies should seek to determine the specificity of this downregulation to CBT, and evaluate it as a treatment target in MDD.

4. Emotion regulation strategies in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder.

Emotion regulation (ER) has been incorporated into many models of  psychopathology, but it has not been examined directly in  cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder with  agoraphobia (PD/A). In this study, a preliminary model of ER in CBT for PD/A is proposed based on existing theories, and several propositions of the model are tested. We hypothesized that increases in  cognitive reappraisal would precede decreases in biased cognitions, decreases in expressive suppression would follow decreases in biased cognitions, and a reduction in symptom severity would follow decreases in expressive suppression. Twenty-nine patients who received CBT for PD/A completed weekly self-report measures of symptom severity, anxiety sensitivity, reappraisal, and expressive suppression. In addition, patients were compared to a matched normal sample. Cross-lagged analyses partially supported the hypotheses. Reappraisal did not change until the late stages of therapy and was generally not associated with treatment outcomes. Suppression decreased significantly and exhibited a reciprocal relationship with biased cognitions. Symptom reduction followed decreases in suppression as hypothesized. However, patients did not differ in ER from matched controls at either pre- or post-treatment. Results suggest the important distinction between reappraisal and appraisal and stress the role of session-by-session decreases in suppression as a predictor of symptom reduction.

5. Pathways between ability emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: Bridging links through cognitive emotion regulation strategies

Based on a primary prevention perspective, the main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between ability emotional intelligence, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and well-being indicators (e.g., psychological well-being and satisfaction with life), controlling for sociodemographic variables and personality traits in our analyses. Three hundred and seventy-eight college students (123 males; 252 females; 3 unreported) participated voluntarily in this study. We predicted that ability-emotional intelligence would be significantly and positively correlated with well-being outcomes and that cognitive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the associations between ability-emotional intelligence and well-being, controlling for sociodemographic and personality traits. Structural equation modeling estimated by the bootstrap method indicated that two adaptive cognitive coping strategies were found to act as partial mediators between ability emotional intelligence and well-being indicators. Our findings provide preliminary support for theoretical work linking ability emotional intelligence, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and well-being outcomes, and contribute to the understanding of how ability emotional intelligence is related to subjective well-being via specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies in college students.

6. How does depression facilitate psychological difficulties in children? The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies

Knowing the processes of emotion regulation that children use to respond to stressful situations is essential to analyze the development of psychopathology. The objectives of this research were to study the use of nine cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) in depressed children, compared with non-depressed children, and to analyze their possible mediating effects on the relationship between childhood depression and several areas related to child psychological adjustment. The sample comprised 336 children (46.7% girls) aged 8–12 years. Participants completed measures on depression symptoms (Child Depression Inventory), psychological strengths and difficulties (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), and CERS (Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Spanish kids). Correlations and multiple regression analyses were conducted to test whether CERS and child gender and age predicted child depression. Mediation analyses were run to identify the CERS that mediate the relationship between depression and daily psychological adjustment. On multiple regression, children who score higher in self-blame ( β = .18,  p < .01), catastrophizing ( β = .24,  p < .001), and other-blame ( β = .14,  p ≤ .01) but lower in positive reappraisal ( β = −.15,  p ≤ .01) and females ( β = .10,  p < .05) were more likely to present higher scores in depression. The maladaptive CERS “other-blame” mediated a positive relationship between depression and conduct problems and between depression and peer problems. Other blame mediated a negative relationship between depression and prosaically behavior. In conclusion, this research provides evidence of which specific CERS mediate the emergence of psychopathology in vulnerable children, and provides clues for the proper orientation of psychological interventions in childhood.

Annotated bibliography

Fenn, K., & Byrne, M. (2013). The key principles of cognitive behavioral therapy. InnovAiT,  6(9), 579-585.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1755738012471029

Ideally, the connections involving concepts, sentiments, as well as behavior are investigated throughout cognitive behavioral therapies. It is a systematic, time-restricted, didactic method for treating a wide range of mental conditions. By helping individuals in growing more suitable cognitive distortions and actions, it seeks to lessen discomfort. CBT is an effective therapy for a variety of psychological conditions. Major depressive disorders can be effectively treated with CBT (Fenn, & Byrne, 2013). Finding demonstrates that CBT treatment for bipolar disorder might be less successful than standard care in patients who have experienced more incidents, nevertheless. CBT satisfies the requirements for such a “well-established” evidenced based psychotherapy since at least two properly planned, methodologically trustworthy randomized controlled clinical trials have proven to be effective in demonstrating its effectiveness.

Vannucci, A., Flannery, K. M., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2018). Age-varying associations between coping and depressive symptoms throughout adolescence and emerging adulthood.  Development and Psychopathology,  30(2), 665-681. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/abs/agevarying-associations-between-coping-and-depressive-symptoms-throughout-adolescence-and-emerging-adulthood/BC3737F81A56A406DA3FBB29237F52F6

 

Ideally, the goal of the study was to evaluate maturity level relationships across particular coping mechanisms as well as emotional distress during adolescence and early adulthood by using a different way of time-varying impact analysis. The results shed light on the emergence and evolution of relationships involving particular coping mechanisms and depression symptoms over improved cognitive, with implications for theory and practice (Vannucci, et al. 2018). The absence of either a positive correlation between problem-solving techniques and psychological distress was followed by a stronger correlation overall.

Strauss, A. Y., Kivity, Y., & Huppert, J. D. (2019). Emotion regulation strategies in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder.  Behavior therapy,  50(3), 659-671. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000578941830145X

Despite its inclusion integrated across many psychopathology theories, cognitive therapy treating anxiety attacks combined with agoraphobia has not explicitly investigated emotion regulation. Based on current theories, a tentative model is proposed in this research and several models’ hypotheses are put to the test (Strauss, et al 2019). Findings reinforce the relevance underlying session-by-session declines in suppressing as either a prediction of symptom control as well as highlight the critical contrast between reappraisal but also appraisal. The publication’s weakness would be that Emotion regulation did not alter before late in psychotherapy and was often unrelated to how well a patient responded to treatment. Whereas Inhibition significantly decreased and had a positive feedback link to biased perceptions.

Rubin-Falcone, H., Weber, J., Kishon, R., Ochsner, K., Delaparte, L., Doré, B., … & Miller, J. M. (2018). Longitudinal effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression on the neural correlates of emotion regulation.  Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging,  271, 82-90. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925492717302688

Ideally, individuals suffering from severe melancholy illness benefit from cognitive behavioral treatment. Bilateral increase of emotion regulatory oversight BOLD contrasts throughout the dorsolateral anterior cingulate, anterior frontal lobes, and lingua cortex was associated with improved therapeutic efficacy. Preliminary emotion regulatory oversight contrast, nevertheless, didn’t distinguish between the standard as well as MDD categories or anticipate treatment efficacy. The effect of CBT may be conveyed by greater down regulation of activity in the brain during emotional processing; the neural areas implicated in conscience and emotional perception coincide with any of those discovered using a comparable exercise in a normative population (Rubin-Falcone, et al. 2018). The main result of this research is that, as a proportion of clinical outcomes with CBT for depression, emotional regulatory oversight decrease in Producing high is strengthened longitudinally.

Melero, S., Orgilés, M., Espada, J. P., & Morales, A. (2021). How does depression facilitate psychological difficulties in children? The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.  Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,  28(2), 384-393. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cpp.2516

The purpose of the research was to make comparisons of the application of nine cognitive regulation techniques in children who’ve been depressed and those who were not, as well as to examine any mediating variable impacts these techniques may have on the associations among adolescent depression as well as various aspects of a child’s psychological wellbeing (Melero, et al 2021). To determine if emotional regulation control techniques, child sexuality, plus child age could anticipate child distress, associations, as well as parameter estimation analyses, were carried out. To pinpoint the CERS which regulate the connection between depression and regular emotional well-being, mediating studies were carried out. In summation, this study offers proof that some CERS specifically affect the onset of psychopathology among children who are at risk, as well as hints about how to properly direct psychological therapies in adolescence.

Extremera, N., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2020). Pathways between ability emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: Bridging links through cognitive emotion regulation strategies.  Sustainability,  12(5), 2111. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/5/2111

This research’s main objective was to investigate the connections amongst cognitive emotion regulation techniques, capacity emotional intelligence, and also well markers while accounting for socio-demographic factors including personal characteristics in research analysis (Extremera, et al 2020). Findings demonstrate that higher EI is significantly strongly related to higher emotional well-being and subjective well-being; these findings are consistent with earlier research that showed how high EI affects positive quality-of-life markers. These findings offer tentative evidence in support of the hypothesis that more adaptive coping mechanisms may improve well-being when psychological talents, as measured by performance indicators, are taken into account. Intervention strategies require that they be represented in order to increase the efficacy of well-being therapies.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Extremera, N., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2020). Pathways between ability emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: Bridging links through cognitive emotion regulation strategies.  Sustainability,  12(5), 2111. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/5/2111

Fenn, K., & Byrne, M. (2013). The key principles of cognitive behavioral therapy. InnovAiT,  6(9), 579-585.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1755738012471029

Melero, S., Orgilés, M., Espada, J. P., & Morales, A. (2021). How does depression facilitate psychological difficulties in children? The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.  Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,  28(2), 384-393. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cpp.2516

Rubin-Falcone, H., Weber, J., Kishon, R., Ochsner, K., Delaparte, L., Doré, B., … & Miller, J. M. (2018). Longitudinal effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression on the neural correlates of emotion regulation.  Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging,  271, 82-90. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925492717302688

Strauss, A. Y., Kivity, Y., & Huppert, J. D. (2019). Emotion regulation strategies in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder.  Behavior therapy,  50(3), 659-671. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000578941830145X

Vannucci, A., Flannery, K. M., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2018). Age-varying associations between coping and depressive symptoms throughout adolescence and emerging adulthood.  Development and Psychopathology,  30(2), 665-681. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/abs/agevarying-associations-between-coping-and-depressive-symptoms-throughout-adolescence-and-emerging-adulthood/BC3737F81A56A406DA3FBB29237F52F6