Globalization question responses 2 pages Answer four questions according to Lectures and readings. No outside sources , no research. You should combine
Globalization question responses 2 pages
Answer four questions according to Lectures and readings.
No outside sources , no research.
You should combine lecture and reading with the topic and then talk about your understanding and ideas.
I have give what you should read for each topic.
Use your own words
1. Two part question on Globalization Phases and drivers of Hyperglobalization Processes
Prep Lectures 2 and 3; O’Rourke and Williamson (About 300-400 words for this question)
2.Globalization of Sport
Prep Lecture 1 (Last 4 slides); Giulianotti (About 200-250 words for this question)
3. Globalization and India’s LPG policy
Prep Lecture 6; Nayyar rather than Sahoo (About 300-350 words for this question)
4. Globalization and SSA
Prep Lecture 7 ; Ibrahim (About 200-250 words for this question)
Format
Single Space
MLA format 11/01/2019
Lecture Objectives
When did the term Globalization
become popular? What is the ‘ProGlobalization Consensus?’
Historical Link between Globalization
and Prosperity
Different Dimensions of Globalization
So what is Globalization? Definitions
and Perspectives
Lecture 1:
What is Globalization?
How do we make sense
of it?
1/11/2019
‘Pro Globalization Consensus’ and
its discontents
“GLOBALIZATION” – the buzzword of last two
decades
But isn’t Globalization Janus-faced?
“Pro-Globalization Consensus” becomes dominant
view – brings progress, development, stability,
integration and cooperation
But others see it in terms of regression, colonialism,
inequalities and destabilization.
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Historical Sketch 2 – Changing Balance of
Global Economic Power and fortunes of
countries from 19th Century
2
GLOBAL 2
Historical Sketch 1: Beginnings of Globalization
– real story begins with decay of feudalism and
rise of capitalism and prosperity
Global Economy grows only
slowly for almost 800 years
Most nation-states as self
sufficient
However regular opening up of
new frontiers by traders
interested in discovery of gold,
minerals, spices, other
resources and markets
Industrial revolutions of the
18/19th centuries puts parts of “Hunterthe globe (Global North) on to aGatherers
new affluent trajectory
Colonialism integrated more
territories into world economy
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Industrial Revolution
Feudalism
4
Understanding Dimensions of Globalization Steger presents an adapted version of the parable of
the ‘blind men and the elephant’
Parable shows that
globalization can be broken
down or perceived/observed
from several vantage points we can call these dimensions
of globalization – economic,
cultural, political.
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THE CHINA MODEL
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1
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Globalization – examples of definitions
emphasizing economic, cultural and
political/ideological dimensions
Different Dimensions of Globalization and their Effects
– all dimensions inter-act and reinforce each other
. WTO
“the closer integration of countries and peoples of the world…brought about
.
by the enormous reduction in costs of transportation and communication and
the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital,
knowledge and (to a lesser extent) people across borders” (Joseph Stiglitz,
Globalization and its Discontents (2002)
. SJ Movements
Environment
‘Virtual communities’
‘Interdependence’
/’networks’
‘Power/Hegemony’
‘Homogenization’
. Global Sport/Media
“The process of globalization suggests simultaneously two images of culture.
The first image entails the extension outwards of a particular culture to its
limit, the globe. Heterogeneous cultures become incorporated and integrated
into a dominant culture which eventually covers the whole world. The second
image points to the compression of cultures. Things formerly held apart are
now brought into contact and juxtaposition.” (M. Featherstone, 1995)
Globalization is the spread and dominance of neo-liberal ideology and
democracy around the word – leading to “end of history” (Fukuyama)
“Globalization is what we in the Third World have for several centuries called
colonization.” (Martin Khor, 1995)
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Globalization and its Socio-Economic
Dimensions – example of Global Sport
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Business of Sport: Development of a
Global Corporate-Sport-Media Complex
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Ménage à trois – interplay between Media, TNCs
and Sport – all three ‘players’ are involved . . .. and all
benefit from what they bring to the relationship
Media – expertise and technical equipment
TNCs provide sponsorship money to sport orgs. in exchange
for visibility and also buy advertising time from media to
ensure visibility
Sports Organizations use resources from broadcasting
rights and sponsorships to developing better products that
widen appeal to audiences
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Public
Radio
TV
Platforms
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Globalization of Sport – Structure
producing both winners and losers
A ménage à trois?
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Media
News Print
Clubs
Global Sports
Event Market
in 2009
Sponsors
Events
EPL watched in over 200 countries and territories to potential
TV audience of 4.7b people
FIFA – Global audience of 1.12 billion watched the World Cup
Final between France and Croatia last July – 3.572 billion
viewers watched the month long tournament
Federation
Sports Orgs
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4 aspects merit special consideration:
Division of labor
Increasing flow of talented sports players
Increased involvement of global
entertainment/media conglomerates
Impact of sport on the Environment
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2
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Lecture Objectives
Longer View on Evolution of global economy
Phases of globalization since beginning of
Industrialization
Breakthroughs and clustering in technology and
innovations – ‘shallow’ globalization
Since WW2 – from ‘deep’ globalization to
‘hyperglobalization’
Lecture 2:
When did
Globalization
Begin? How Has it
Evolved?
Implications/Consequences of
hyperglobalization
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Globalization History over 5 centuries (1500-2001) – shown
in sum of world exports as % share of world GDP
2
GLOBAL 2
Eurasian Traders Ruled the Waves – Trade Routes in
17th/18th/19th centuries – commodities and people – Dutch East
India Company and East India Company as classic examples
Trade activity emerges as
‘engine of global growth’ from
19th century
“Age of primitive accumulation”
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Industrialization and Emergence of Capitalism as
a Global System and Long Waves
Capitalism transforms from a national to
international and to a globalized system between
18th – 20th centuries
System develops its own rhythm – long waves and
short cycles – non-linear process
Causes of Waves:
technological changes (often in clusters)
wars and revolutions
discovery of gold or other natural resources
New frontiers open– territories and markets –
often through colonization
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Long Waves identified by
Kondratieff/Schumpeter – Globalization Not a
Linear Process – Waves becoming shorter
Schumpeter: “capitalism as the
perennial gale of creative destruction”
UK
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4
GLOBAL 2
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UK
France
USA
USA
Germany
UK
France
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USA
China?
USA
Japan
EU
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Short-term Economic Cycles are also a recurrent
feature – especially under current phase of
globalization
Different Phases of Globalization as drivers of
globalization enabling faster growth in Global
GDP
1. Phases of Globalization
nature and form changes over time – from “shallow”
to “deep” – but still partial – to “hyper” (‘networked’,
‘embedded’)
2. Drivers of Globalization
Trade
Finance/FDI
Technology
Regulation
Financial Crisis
Nation-States
Multilateral Institutions (GATT/WTO, WB, IMF)
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3 Phases of Globalization and Major
Drivers
3. “Hyper”
2. “Deep”
1. “Shallow”
Technology
Trade
Colonialism
1800-1945
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Trade
Investment
Technology
Multilateralism (GATT,
IMF, WB)
Neo-Colonialism
De-colonization
(“Global Keynesianism”)
1945- 1980
GLOBAL 2
•
•
•
•
Trade
Investment
Finance
Regulatory
Changes/WTO
• Technology
(“Neoliberalism”)
1980 onwards
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2
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Lecture Objectives
Understanding of New World Order (Bretton Woods
System) after Great Depression and WW2 – birth of
global Keynesianism – Multi-lateralism
Why Ascendancy of Neo-liberalism from 1980s
Lecture 3:
DRIVERS of Hyperglobalization
Regulatory Changes
De-regulated Markets (Trade and Investment)
Technology
Nation States/ Multilateral Institutions – Professor
Barandiaran
TNCs (FDI) – Professor Appelbaum
Is Globalization
Driven by Markets
(Trade and
Investment) and
Technologies?
15/01/2019
20th Century Timeline of Major Global Events and
phases of Globalization
1.“Shallow”
2.“Deep”
3.“Hyper”
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Post WW2 New Global Order and Eventual
Ascendency of Neo-Liberalism
First 2 decades of 20th century -turbulent
1930s/40s – General Depression leads to Global
Keynesianism
New Deal/Marshall Plan
UN created 1945 – global parliament
Bretton Woods Institutions created – GATT (now WTO)
(1948, Free Trade) IMF (1945, Financial stabilization )
and World Bank (1944, Reconstruction and
Development)
1980 – Revival of Neoliberalism under
Reaganomics in US and Thatcherism in UK
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Ideological Dimension of
Hyperglobalization
4
1. Regulatory Changes
2. Trade Liberalization
3. FDI Liberalization
4. New Technologies
Neo-liberalism – set of ideas that place emphasis
on free markets, deregulation, privatization, and
generally minimizing State’s role esp in welfare
ICT
Transportation – Containerization
Neoliberalism or Anglo-Saxon as model to
emulate Anglo-Saxon model
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GLOBAL 2
Drivers of Hyperglobalization
variously described as Neoliberal Capitalism,
Market Fundamentalism, Washington Consensus
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(1) Regulatory Changes – by both nation
states and Multi-lateral agencies
manufactured
goods fell from
over 20% to
around 3% as
result of 8 rounds
of negotiations
Trade: promotion of free trade under
GATT
Financial Markets: orderly and stable
basis of dealing with BoPs problems
(IMF) and regulating financial
transactions
Members of WTO
now 164 – more
free trade around
world
FDI: regulatory framework for FDI
liberalized – FDI by TNCs playing crucial
role
Technology and Knowledge:
international framework for governing
flow of technology subsumed under
trade/business law (Uruguay Round –
TRIPS/GATS – see image opposite
7
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(3) FDI Liberalized – Rise of TNCs – FDI Inflows by
groups of countries 1995-2012 ($t)
Rapid increase
overall – but
cyclical
TNCs at center
of economic
globalization
Rise of
Transnationals
from
Developing
countries almost 50/50
share
Doha??
Global Trade has
outstripped
increase in Global
Income
GLOBAL 2
2. Trade Liberalization – How GATT reduced
tariff Barriers for major traders – and later for
China
Tariffs on
(4a) New Technologies – Technological change
has been a constant since industrialization –
Now “New Technologies” driving Globalization
Acceleration in globalization processes associated
with new technological breakthroughs
satellite technology expands geographical reach
development and widespread diffusion of new
microelectronics technologies
ICT – convergence between communications technology
(transmission of info – fibre optics) and computer technology
(chip and processor – storage and processing of info) – giving
us global Information Superhighway (The Net)
cumulative developments in transportation technology
reduces time and cost of moving goods and services
across space
FDI 2015 = $1.75t
FDI 2017 = $1.43t
10
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(4b) New Technologies – Containerization The Humble Metal box
Easily movable between
Ship, Truck and Train
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Conclusion on Outcomes of Hyperglobalization
and resurfacing of anti-globalism, economic
nationalism and trade wars
Hyperglobalization as multi-dimensional
process leading to:
Costs of loading/unloading
fell drastically
shrinking space
shrinking time
disappearing borders
Insurance costs also fell
Inland distribution by train and
lorry was easier,
ports became bigger and
fewer in number
Major Outcomes:
Global and National Inequalities
Uneven effects – creating winners and losers
Corporates Gain at Expense of Labor
Consolidation of Corporate Power esp. top 100
De-Regulation leads to unprecedented Land and Resource
Grabs
Environmental Degradation/Climate Change
Container ships and containers
getting bigger improving
costs/efficiency
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Lecture Objectives
History of Region – Mughal and British
Colonialism – beginnings of globalization
Independence and Partition of 1947
Emergence of Modern South Asia
Legacies
Post Colonial Trajectories – economic
performance and human development
Lecture 6:
Case study of India under Globalization
Globalization and
South Asia: Why
persistence of Poverty
and Inequalities?
New Regional Dynamics and Security Issues Indo-Pak-China Tensions
2/3/2019
How are different regions doing in terms of economic
performance and Human Development?
Definite Progress in HD – but
very uneven
Latin America
and SSA as worst
performing over the past
decade or so
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GLOBAL 2
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History of South Asia 2: British Rule – most of South
Asia once known as British India (1757- 1947) – India
as “Jewel in the Crown” under British Raj (1858-1947)
2
History of South Asia 1: Growth of Mughal
Empire 1526-1707
Spread of Islam to India from the Central
Asia
Oppressive rule – many battles over
control
New system of levying taxes on people
– extraction of land revenue
Little economic development – perhaps
some infrastructure
Lots of forts, monuments and some cities
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Early Globalization: Impact of British
influence in India 1612-1947
Commodity trade (tea, cotton, jute, jute, indigo) and
plunder under EIC & “Company Rule”
“De-industrialization” under British Raj
Most early forms of manufacturing destroyed –
spinning/weaving
Eg raw cotton taken to Britain, textiles exported
Globalization (under colonialism) aided
industrialization of Britain but destroyed industry in
India
Financial drain through taxes and expansion of land
revenue system of Mughals
Indirect rule by EIC
(1612-1757)
Direct Company Rule
(1757-1857)
British Raj
(1858-1947)
Independence – 1947
Emergence of
Modern South Asia
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History of South Asia 3: Partition of 1947 and Making
of Modern South Asia: A bloody beginning leaving
many legacies
India as the dominant
power
“Cold War” Hostilities
between India and Pakistan
– proxy war in Kashmir
South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation
(SAARC) largely ineffective
Growing influence of China
in the region
Division of British India
10-12m people displaced
and migrated as refugees
Up to 2m deaths in
communal violence
Legacies – Bangladesh
(1971) and Kashmir issue –
wars
India has 350m Muslims –
almost as many as Pakistan
and Bang’desh
2/3/2019
Countries of Modern South Asia
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Comparative Economic Performance in 4 largest
South Asian Countries – India as best performer
2/3/2019
SAARC – 8 members
India, Pakistan
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
Nepal, Bhutan
Afghanistan, Maldives
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GLOBAL 2
Indian Growth Story – did globalization and
adoption of neo-liberalism after 1991 give a
boost? Yes but “jobless growth”
Average Growth in different periods
LPG = Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization
Despite India’s
superior
economic
performance its
level of human
development
remains low
“LPG”
(open)
“Planning.1”
(closed)
“Planning.2”
(closed)
(Colonialism)
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Globalization has worsened income inequalities
leading to “billionaire raj” (Crabtree)
All studies
show rising
inequalities
and
worsening
income
distribution
since LPG –
structural
inequalities
perpetuated
2/3/2019
Crabtree – talking of India’s ‘New Gilded Age’ says
India’s top 1% now owns nearly 60% of its wealth
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Regional
inequality also
worsening
under “LPG”
with some
regions
growing much
faster than
others
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Has Globalization reduced Poverty in India? Yes
but by not enough – and multi-dimensional
poverty remains high
Technical Note: Measuring Human
Development (HDI) and Multidimensional
Poverty (MPI)
HDI is a composite index measuring 3 variables
Income per person (GDP per capita)
Education (years of schooling)
Health (life expectancy)
1= Best, 0 = Lowest
22% poverty equals
Poverty estimate was revised to 29.5% in 2014. [Rs 33 a day for rural
areas and Rs 47 for urban areas i.e 47 cents for rural and 67 cents for
urban at current exchange rate]
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How is India doing relative to other SAARC
countries? India doing poorly on HDI, Poverty and
Gender inequalities (2015)
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Some Conclusions on South Asia
Region integrated to global economy over many centuries
Legacies of Partition still important in regional disputes expenditures diverted towards militarization – less for
development
HDI – a composite
index of per capita
income, years at
school, and life
expectancy –
rankings remain low
Gender Inequalities
remain high
Multi-dimensional
Poverty also remains
high
2/3/2019
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) measures
multiple disadvantages faced by poor – income,
poorly paid work, access to food, health,
education, clean water, electricity
New Regional Dynamics with growing influence of China in
the region increasing political tensions – BRI
India struggling with job creation, reduction of poverty and
inequalities – deeply embedded in unchanging social
structures – caste, religious, regional and political cleavages
Project of Nation-Building should not be underestimated 72 years of political independence relatively short period to
make judgement on whether globalization has been
progressive or regressive force
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