Describe at least two theories that help to explain what causes addiction.

• Describe the neurological and biological impact of the selected behavior and the importance of the gene-environment interaction model.
• What social and cultural issues impact the legal and social consequences of this behavior? How might the consequences differ depending on the client’s age, race or ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic class?
• How do these behaviors likely impact intimate and family relationships?
• What model of addiction best describes these factors?

Assignment Requirements

• Number of resources: Minimum of six scholarly sources. Distinguished submissions will likely exceed this number.
• Length of paper: 6–8 typed, double-spaced pages. Additionally, a title page and references page.
• Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.

Your initial post should read approximately 250 to 350 words in length and include at least one citation from the bibliography of your textbook chapter, with the accompanying reference in APA format. To receive the maximum points, your post should include a reference from the textbook, an article of your choosing, and one of this week’s ancillary readings.

Prompt

Choose one of the 11 exercises from the textbook.

Parameters

• Identify one major point from the textbook exercise that was a new learning point for you
• Retrieve one article/citation from the chapter bibliography that was referenced to make this point (often referenced in the reading section before the exercise prompt)
• Apply what you learned from reading this additional article
• Address how reading this additional article built upon this major point from the text
• Discuss contradictory information from the article to the text’s main point
• Follow APA guidelines

Reading

Williams, J. M. & Krane, V. (Eds.). (2021). Applied sports psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

• Chapter 19: Gender, Diversity, and Cultural Competence

Additional Reading

• American Psychological Association (APA). (2017). Multicultural guidelines: An ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality.
• Ryba, T. V., Stambulova, N. B., Si, G., & Schinke, R. J. (2013). ISSP position stand: Culturally competent research and practice in sport and exercise psychology. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 123-142.
• Schinke, R., & Moore, Z. E. (2011). Culturally informed sport psychology: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 283-294.
• Walker, N. A., & Melton, E. N. (2015). The tipping point: The intersection of race, gender, and sexual orientation in intercollegiate sports. Journal of Sport Management, 29(3), 257-271.

Biological Psychology

Student’s name

Instructor

Course

Date

Biological Psychology

Research in the field of biological psychology aims to establish correlations between biological, physiological, and genetic factors and mental health and behavior (greatpacificmedia, 2009). Considering that the brain is the command center for all behavior, biological psychologists investigate its inner workings to better comprehend human nature. According to proponents of the biological view, human behavior directly results from our biological makeup. It’s the only school of psychology that takes a physical, biological stance on investigating mental states and actions. Thus, it may be concluded that the physiological basis for the psychological is absolute. In this discussion, three significant technology advances such as High-throughput screening (HTS) technology, DNA synthesis technology, nanotechnology and biotechnology will be discussed in relation to the history of biological psychology

The term “high-throughput screening” (HTS) technology refers to a way to test a large number of biomolecular or chemical compounds quickly and efficiently for certain qualities. Access to these kinds of technologies is significant for reaping any benefits from building extensive libraries of compounds since they are used to zero down on a specific chemical with the needed qualities. Some examples of these traits are the biochemical or enzymatic activity that is wanted in a potential therapeutic drug or toxicity that would usually be avoided in such an agent. Increased productivity in biological assays is a hallmark of HTS, which has been made possible by developments in miniaturized screening technologies, bioinformatics, robotics, and other technologies (greatpacificmedia, 2009).

The merging of nanotechnology and biotechnology and the progress in both fields have impacted biological psychology. The growth of this field is also affected by what has been learned and how it has been used in RNAi and synthetic biology. Biomolecules are made to do certain things but are not called nanomaterials because they are not made in a lab. The progress in understanding the sequences of nucleotides and amino acids in nucleic acids and proteins is also crucial (Mazziotta, 2000). As time goes on, it becomes clearer that RNAi is linked to the broad control of gene expression by micro-RNAs, which are tiny RNA molecules produced endogenously (miRNA). There is a lot of interest in how miRNAs control gene expression during and after development. Every day, latest information comes out about this. Endogenous miRNAs reduce the expression of proteins that interact inside the cell by making the mRNA less stable or stopping it from being translated into protein (Bassett & Bullmore, 2009).

To instruct cells to produce a particular protein, DNA synthesis technology allows for the de novo production of genetic sequences. It is not brand new, but technological advances have made it possible to synthesize chemically ever-longer sequences with ever-greater speed, simplicity, and precision. Researchers had already shown they could successfully design and implement synthetic genes by the early 1970s. A cascade of techniques for analyzing gene expression, structure, and function was not developed until the early 1980s, after the automation of de novo DNA synthesis and the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Mazziotta, 2000). Viruses and other genes that cause disease can be made quickly and easily with DNA synthesis technology. This technology can be used for good (vaccine and drug research and development) or bad (either on purpose or by accident).

References

Bassett, D. S., & Bullmore, E. T. (2009). Human brain networks in health and disease.  Current opinion in neurology,  22(4), 340.

greatpacificmedia. (2009, October 24).  Neuron synapse. YouTube. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT3VKAr4roo

Mazziotta, J. C. (2000). Imaging: window on the brain.  Archives of Neurology,  57(10), 1413-1421.

Choose  one disorder to research. In this paper explore the current research regarding the chosen disorder and the role and impact on the family system.

· Does the family system play a role in the cause & exacerbation of the disorder? How?

· What is the relationship between the disorder and the family system?

· What are the historical findings of the family system impacting the development of the disorder?

· What are the current family therapy interventions proven to be effective for this disorder?

Choose from:

· Schizophrenia

· Mood Disorders

· Eating Disorders

· Anxiety Disorders

· Borderline Personality Disorder

Minimum 5 pages in length/ Double-spaced, APA style (7th Edition)/ Minimum of 5 references.

SPSS: Descriptive Statistics Assignment Instructions

Overview

The Grit Scale (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007) is a 12-item measure of psychological “grit” or perseverance to a goal. According to the scoring instructions: items 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 12 need to be reversed-scored prior to scoring. This means that the responses to those items must be flipped before computing a total score. To create a total score, add up all the points and divide by 12 . The maximum score on this scale is 5 (extremely gritty), and the lowest scale on this scale is 1 (not at all gritty).

The “PSYC545_Grit_Scale.sav” file contains data from 4,000+ respondents who completed the measure online. There are also several demographic variables in the data set and several other questions from the Big-Five Inventory (BFI; Goldberg, 1992), a measure of personality constructs. This will become relevant in a future assignment.

All item responses are in their “raw” form meaning they have not been scored yet. Your job is to describe the sample demographically, reverse-score the appropriate respondent’s Grit Scale answers, and calculate a total Grit score for a descriptive analysis.

Instructions

For this assignment, you will:

1. Create three (3) tables and three (3) figures displaying three demographic variables. Choose three demographic variables and generate the appropriate figure for each. Be sure to copy your graph to Word and create an APA-formatted figure statement. Be sure to also create an APA-formatted table that displays the frequency or descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, etc.), whichever is more appropriate, of each demographic variable.

1. Reverse-score the appropriate Grit Scale items. This means that items GS1, GS4, GS6, GS9, GS10, and GS12 will have the “1” recoded to “5”, “4” recoded to “2”, etc. This is so that higher scores mean higher levels of grit. Use the naming convention for reverse-scored items: “GS1” becomes “GS1r” as a separate variable.

1. Compute a total score for the Grit Scale. Using the reverse-scored item where appropriate, sum responses and divide by 12 (the number of items). Calculate a mean and standard deviation (SD), skewness, and kurtosis of the total score variable for this sample and create one (1) figure displaying this distribution.

1. Write a verbal summary of all your findings. This summary section will include 2 elements:

1. Summarize the results of the demographic variable analysis. What descriptive statistics did you report? What does the distribution look like? What is the total score mean and SD? Is the total score variable normally distributed? How do you know?

1. Interpret the values that you found from the various analyses. Does this sample look like the general population in the US? Worldwide? All people with an Internet connection? Do you have any critiques for how the researchers collected their data?

1. Format your table headings and figure captions according to current APA guidelines.

Each of these steps are to be completed in SPSS using the SPSS Tutorials as a guide. Please submit a Word document with your table(s) and figure(s).

Note: Keep your data set handy. The next assignment will build upon the progress you have made on this data set.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

References

Duckworth, A.L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M.D., & Kelly, D.R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1087-1101.

Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26-42.

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